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Introduction Lethal violence is a starkly gendered phenomenon. Globally, men are overwhelmingly the primary victims and perpetrators of homicide, typically driven by street crime, gang rivalries, and

Femicide refers to the intentional killing of females because they are female. It is widely recognized within criminology and gender studies as a distinct form of homicide, shaped by gender inequality, power imbalances, and cultural norms. Scholars of homicide and lethal violence use several related